![]() With this technique, obstetrician can improve the diagnosis of fetal head position, progression, and internal rotation in comparison to vaginal digital examination (VDE). ![]() ![]() Intrapartum ultrasonography (IU) can represent an important diagnostic tool during physiologic labor and delivery, as like in dystocic or obstructed labor. Labor pain is the most severe pain that women can experience during their lives, and neuraxial labor analgesia (NLA) is a most effective and widely used analgesic modality in labor for obtaining pain relief. CPD and related obstructed labor is responsible for 2–8% of maternal mortality worldwide and furthermore can cause poor progress of labor and can be indication for operative vaginal delivery (OVD) or primary cesarean section (CS). The problem may arise from cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) that is present when the fetal head is too large to pass through the pelvis. In this situation the only way to delivery large brained fetus is that the fetal head has to perform complex rotation and turning movements (cardinal movements) during the progress in the birth canal. ![]() Because of bipedal locomotion, the shape and size of the pelvis became more straight. The pelvis is not only a functional bone but has great importance in obstetrics. ![]()
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